Women’s health is a medical industry focused on the treatment, diagnosis of diseases and condition that affect women’s physical and emotional health. Usually women and men have similar health challenges; the only difference is that women’s health deserves special attention. There are biological processes like adolescence, pregnancy, childbirth and health risks in young women. Important of the women’s health they experience unique health care challenges and are more likely to be diagnosed with certain diseases than men. Diabetes, heart diseases, cancer, chronic diseases are the leading causes of death for women.
Women's health has been a long concern but nowadays it has reached a supreme point of concern. Generally men and women share comparative health challenges; only dissimilarity is that the health of women merits specific consideration. Women have interesting health related issues like pregnancy, menopause, and conditions of the female organs. There are processes, for example, labor and pregnancy that convey wellbeing dangers and are the main source of death in young women’s somewhere in the range of 15 and 19 years of age. The leading cause of death among women of reproductive age is HIV/AIDS which is due to biological factors and limitation of women’s knowledge about HIV and unsafe sex. Lack of contraception results in unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted infections, etc.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which are capable of reproducing themselves (self-renewal) and differentiating into different types of cells. The two main properties of stem cells are self-renewal and potency which allow them to differentiate into any kind of cells. As of late in 2004, two investigations demonstrated that ovaries do contain stem cells which form oocytes in grown-ups and that can be cultured in vitro into develop ones. Another investigation gave novel confirmation of endometrial recovery by stem cells in women who got bone marrow transplants. This finding has potential for the utilization in treatment of uterine disorders. This finding has potential for the use in treatment of uterine disorders. It also supports a new theory for the cause of endometriosis, which is a condition in which cells similar to those in the endometrium grows outside of it.
Regenerative innovation encases all present and anticipated employment of innovation in Human and Animal Reproduction. This incorporates ARTs (Assisted Reproductive Technology), contraception and others. ART is the utilization of reproductive technology to treat infertility and low fertility and is currently the only type of reproductive technology in clinical utilize. Assisted Reproductive Technology can be prescribed when other fertility medicines were not effective or when there is extreme male factor infertility, serious endometriosis or tubal impediment.
Fertility is the capacity to produce posterity and conceive. Human fertility depends upon various elements like nourishment, sexual conduct, affiliation, culture, instinct, endocrinology, timing, money-related issues, a way of life, feelings, and so forth. A woman’s most fertile time is during ovulation. Ovulation occurs within 11th to 21st day of a woman’s cycle. Infertility is a condition which is found in both men and women, and both of them are affected almost equally. Infertility in men and lady can likewise be treated with ARTs.
In men, sterility is treated with:
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Surgery, if the cause may be a varicocele (widening of the veins within the scrotum) or a blockage within the vas deferens.
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Antibiotics to cure contaminations in the reproductive organs.
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Medications and counseling to medicate issues with ejaculation or erection.
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Hormone treatments if the problem is with hormone imbalance.
In women, sterility is treated with:
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Fertility medications and hormones to help the restoration of hormone levels and make the woman ovulate.
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Surgery to remove tissue which is blocking fertility or to open blocked fallopian tubes
In vitro fertilization is a type of assisted reproductive technology which is used in infertility treatment. In IVF an egg is fertilized with sperm outside the body in a liquid medium in a lab. The zygote goes through embryo culture for a period of 2–6 days, and is then implanted into the woman's uterus, for a successful pregnancy.
In the United States, the average age of menarche is around 12.5 years. In postmenarchal girls, in about 80% of the cycles, ovulation does not actually take place in the first year, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year. Menopause occurs between ages 48 and 55. This is the end of the fertile phase in a woman's life. Age is the single most important factor which affects women’s fertility and chances of conceiving and having a child. With women, the most widely recognized explanations behind infertility are endometriosis, polycystic ovary disorder (PCOS), tubal blockage and progressed maternal age that influences egg amount/quality. Infertility influences around 10% of American couples of childbearing age which is around 6.1 million. Obesity in conceptive wellbeing additionally prompts infertility and heavy menstrual flow.
Adolescence is a sensitive phase in Human development. It represents the transformation from childhood to physical and psychological maturity. The very best proportions of early childbearing measure are found in the Sub Saharan region, where birth rates among adolescents reach over two hundred births per a thousand women age 15–19. Countries like the Central African Republic, Niger, Chad, Angola and Mali prime the list of states with the highest adolescent birth rate (above 178).
Maternal health includes the health of women throughout childbirth, pregnancy and also the postnatal period. It encompasses the healthcare aspects of preconception, prenatal, postnatal care, and family planning. The significant explanations behind maternal morbidity and mortality incorporate discharge, risky abortion and obstructed labor.UNICEF has upheld the national Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to enhance the quality and scope of high effect maternal health services.
Sexually Transmitted Infections are infections that are spread by sexual activity, vaginal intercourse, anal sex, and oral sex. Symptoms of this disease include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. These are categorized into Bacterial infections, Viral STIs and Parasitic STIs. Bacterial infections comprise of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis. Viral infections consist of HIV/AIDS, genital herpes, and genital warts. Example of Parasitic STIs is Trichomoniasis. Safer sex practices decrease the risk. Comprehensive sex education during school is also useful.
PCOS is a common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age. It is a set of symptoms which is due to raised androgens (male hormones) in females. Unpredictable or no menstrual periods, substantial periods, overabundance body and facial hair, acne, pelvic pain, trouble getting pregnant, and patches of thick, darker, smooth skin are some of the signs and symptoms of PCOS. It is due to both environmental and genetic factors. It is incurable. The regularity of periods, excess hair growth and acne may be improved by birth control pills. Metformin and anti-androgens may also help. Efforts made to improve fertility consist of weight loss, clomiphene, or metformin. In vitro fertilization is also used. It is the most frequently occurring endocrine disorder among women between the ages of 18 and 44. About 2% to 20% of this age group is affected by this. It is considered one of the main causes of poor fertility.
Obstetrics is the medicinal forte that focuses on surgical and medical care before, during, and after pregnancy. It centers on maintaining and caring woman’s overall health during maternity. Gynecology is the division of medicine which is associated with women’s reproductive system (breasts, vagina, uterus, and ovaries) and their reproductive health. It focuses on the care, diagnosis, and treatment of women’s reproductive system. Authorities in obstetrics and gynecology practice in a hostile situation and face strain to enhance medicinal services quality. The Harvard Medical Practice Study found that 1.5% of hospitalized obstetrics patients encounter an adverse situation and that 38.3% of these results were identified with careless care.
Reproductive cancers are an uncontrolled advancement and development of abnormal cells that emerge from the reproductive organs. In America, at customary intervals, a woman is discovered with a gynecologic tumor. It is assessed that there will be 91,730 new cases investigated in the United States this year alone - lamentably achieving a foreseen 28,080 passings. Reproductive cancers are often treated with chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, or a combination of these used together.
Pregnancy, otherwise called gravidity or gestation, is the time amid which at least one posterity develops inside a woman. A numerous pregnancy includes in excess of one posterity, for example, with twins. Pregnancy can happen through Assisted Reproductive Technology or Sexual intercourse. This is a little more than nine lunar months, where every month is around 29½ days. Childbirth regularly occurs around 40 weeks from the last menstrual period (LMP). An embryo is a developing posterity amid the initial two months following conception, after which, the term fetus is utilized until birth. Indications of early pregnancy may incorporate missed periods, delicate bosoms, vomiting, hunger, and successive urination. Pregnancy might be affirmed with a pregnancy test.
Amid pregnancy, drugs are frequently required to treat certain disarranges. Generally, when potential advantage exceeds known dangers, medications might be considered for treatment of disorders amid pregnancy. The most ordinarily utilized drugs incorporate antihistamines, antiemetic, analgesics, antimicrobials, hypnotics, diuretics, tranquilizers, etc. The development and improvement of the fetus might be influenced by drug treatment later in pregnancy. Cases of medications that may influence fetal improvement are Angiotensin, Antithyroid drugs, Benzodiazepine, β blocker, etc. However, no less than 33% of every single pregnant lady in the United Kingdom is recommended at least one course of medication treatment.
Obstetric anesthesia or obstetric anesthesiology, otherwise known as ob-gyn anesthesia or ob-gyn anesthesiology is a sub-specialty of anesthesiology that provides peripartum analgesia for labor and anesthesia for cesarean deliveries. Administration of anesthesia for obstetric and non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy has always been a challenge to the attending anesthesiologists. An obstetric anesthesiologist's practice may comprise to a great extent of overseeing pain amid vaginal deliveries and regulating anesthesia for cesarean areas; in any case, the scope is extending to include anesthesia for both maternal as well as fetal procedures. Obstetric anesthetists are broadly utilized in the midst of the work pain. Bupivacaine is the foremost usually utilized medicine that makes the more prominent tangible square.
The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems is known to be reproductive medicine. The aim of Reproductive Medicine is to improve and maintain the quality of reproductive health. The knowledge of reproductive medicine is based on reproductive anatomy, endocrinology, physiology and pathology. If the topic of reproductive medicine is taken into account it can be further sub divided into prenatal medicine and postnatal medicine. The issues addressed in reproductive medicine are sexual education family planning, reproductive system diseases, birth control, infertility and sexual dysfunction. Ovulation, pregnancy, menstruation, menopause and other gynecological problems are also assessed under reproductive medicine.
‘Care’ is related to all stages of conceiving a child. Nine months of pregnancy can be divided into three stages- Pre-partum care, Intra-partum care and postpartum care. In the initial stage that is the pre-partum the expecting mother undergoes various pathology and radiological assessments in order to keep a constant vigil on the development of the foetus in her womb. This makes it easy to find complications in pregnancy like preclampsia, eclampsia, miscarriages, bleeding etc. The body of the mother undergoes changes and so does her psychological state of mind after conceiving and upto the delivery of the baby. Post-partum care is primarily important to the newly born baby as well as the mother. One of the most important key parameter of postpartum care is Breastfeeding. Next is the line protection of the new born from external infections and providing the baby with vaccinations at regular time intervals. Postpartum depression, peri-partum cardiomyopathy, urinary incontinence, puerperal fevers are the other complications which come in after the delivery of the baby.
Reproductive Endocrinology is the total investigation of female hormone framework from youth through menopause with the elements of pituitary, ovaries, and infertility. It encloses zones, for instance, early embryonic development, gametogenesis, reproductive progression, fertilization, pregnancy, endocrinology of reproduction, reproductive immunology. It is related to the control and function of the different endocrine glands in women, the effects of reproductive events on the endocrine system, and the consequences of endocrine disorders on reproduction.
Zuzanna Kozielska
Dr. Amol Lunkad 
Sushma Baxi
Lida khodavirdilou
Rasa Khodavirdilou
Naval Shah